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Diffusion coefficient pdf. Consider a one-dimensional system with motion in the X direction only. The molecular diffusion is found by the method of Capillary tube attached with Vernier callipers to find the increase of liquid level with respect to time. ΔS>0 Mass transfer: movement of mass from one place to another Diffusion: movement of mass from region of high concentration to low dN concentration. Table J. Preface These lecture notes form a primer to the study of Brownian motion by colloidal particles. The document outlines an experiment to determine the diffusivity coefficient of liquid vapor in air, examining the effects of temperature on diffusivity. 0x10-11 m2/s. 4 x 10-12). During the last 15-20 years the widespread occurrence of concentration-dependent diffusion has stimulated the development of new analytical and numerical solutions. He studied diffusion of gold in solid lead. Einstein’s insights into the diffusion process Einstein was able to derive an explicit relationship between the mean-squared displacement of a particle and the classical diffusion coefficient (5,6). This formulation is known as the Green-Kubo formulas, the results of linear response theory in e. Consequently, Eq. 6 0. The hydrodynamic theory of diffusion mass transfer is well developed. , 1981; VVargaftik, 1975; MMackay and Yeun, 1983). Diffusion coefficient is generally prescribed for a given pair of species. The diffusion coefficient de-scribing this process is usually called the chemical diffusion coefficient, sometimes the interdiffusion coefficient, and occasion-ally, the collective diffusion coefficient. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The key to accurate MD diffusion coefficients is using a good potential or force field, calculating long enough in time to get a The document provides tables of binary mass diffusivity coefficients in gases and liquids. 9 Henry's law constant and diffusion coefficients of contaminants in air and water for T = 0 to 25 oC (abstracted from Crawford, 1976 except where noted: RReid et al. The Einstein-Smoluchowski relation combines a macroscopic thermodynamic quantity (the temperture, T ) and a “mechanical” quantity (the drag coefficient, b ) to give the diffusion coefficient. These relate to the Stefan-Maxwell coefficients through Determination of the effective gas-phase diffusion coefficient is important to quantify gas diffusion for a number of environmental pollution problems involving migration and release of hazardous gases or organic vapors in soils. One would also need to supply initial values for u, u(x,0)=u0(x), and boundary conditionsat each boundary. It is proportional to the squared velocity of the diffusing particles, which depends on the temperature, viscosity of the fluid, and the size of the particles. Cycle back: Fick’s mass transport law V. Jul 18, 2024 · The diffusion coefficient (D), measured in area per unit time m 2 /s. Qiyang Lu Solid State Ionics (SSI) Laboratory School of Engineering, Westlake University Fall 2023 MSE 5007 Solid State Ionics Diffusion coefficient for oxygen at different temperatures and salinities of seawater Units: 10^-5 cm2 s-1 00 00 Diffusion coefficient (D) (x 10 I . 5 cannot be used for an accurate prediction of the diffusion coef-ficients in liquids because ‘cooperative motion’ is necessary for the diffusion of molecules within a liquid. of atoms crossing area A per unit time Diffusion coefficient/ diffusivity dn dt =- dc DA dx Diffusion in two dimensions, e. 127 18 60 180 342 17. A commonly-used analytical solution In general, one must assume that Di is a function of Ci. 32*10-6 m2/s. Classic diffusion and mass transfer—Quick Start a): 1D Evaporation III. Time Correlation Function Expressions for Transport Coefficients - Green-Kubo Formulas Transport coefficients like the diffusion coefficient D, the viscosity coefficient η , and the thermal conductivity coefficient λ all can be expressed as time integrals of appropriate time correlation functions. Importantly, diffusion can take place in any phase of matter, including in solids! Steady state (time independent) diffusion is described by Fick’s first law: Notice that a single diffusion-coefficient value can be ascribed to solutes that separate into ions in solution (electrolytes, like NaCl(aq) above), because, to keep electrical balance, all ions have to diffuse coherently, unless there are several ionic solutes and some ionic coupling. Self-diffusion coefficients for Ag depend on the diffusion path. Subsequently, itgives a compilation of data forthe diffusion coefficient ofhydrogen in pure metals and some representative alloys, and it finally discusses recent xperimental results for he local diffusion ortunneling processes oftrapped hydrogen interstitials. Diffusion coefficients for possible migrants, however, are rare in the scientific literature. Using the S(2τ) data of the solvent (or calibration standard) and the known self-diffusion coefficient of the solvent or a separate calibration standard sample (typically H2O/D2O, because it’s diffusion rate is so well known), you can convert all % gradients into an actual magnetic field gradient in T/m or G/cm. Diffusion from a finite region consisting of a volume source The solution for the diffusion of material occupying a volume in space can be obtained by assuming that the region is composed of an infinite number of plane sources and superposing the infinite number of related solutions. At each time step, update concentrations based on reactions of molecules within a voxel, and diffusion between neighboring voxels based on concentration differences (i. Therefore, (8), for the same boundary conditions as for equation (1 1), was obtained by Atmospheric Dispersion Dispersion is due to atmospheric turbulence because molecular diffusion is too slow at the time scales relevant to air pollution Molecular diffusion coefficient: ~10-5 m2/s Turbulent diffusion coefficient: ~1 m2/s (stable) to ~100 m2/s (unstable) The Nernst-Einstein Equation Just like the Stokes-Einstein’s relation found the connection between the viscosity and the diffusion coefficient; another important equation, popularly called as Nernst-Einstein relation, correlated the diffusion coefficient with equivalent conductivity. 15 K (D298) and standard atmospheric pressure (101. pdf - Free download as PDF File (. 500 68. Estimate time required for a molecule to diffuse 1 um from nucleus to the cell wall E21. In general, the diffusion coefficient D may vary with the local condition of turbulence, but an interesting case is, of course, that of a constant D: 1. The experiment involves taking conductivity readings over time for NaCl solutions of different concentrations and calculating diffusion coefficients from the slopes. Dec 1, 2008 · Diffusion is one of the most important gas movement processes and the determination of the diffusion coefficient is a crucial step in any study. The differential equation governing the flow can be derived by performing a mass balance on the fluid within a control volume. 1 The columns are: What determines fluid flow? Diffusion: Diffusion refers to the transport of substance against a concentration gradient. ” Spin Particle Flux Diffusion Coefficient (Diffusivity) Spin Concentration By applying the conservation of mass, law of diffusion: we arrive at Fick’s second If we start with the initial condition Jan 1, 2014 · The properties typically measured are the ionic conductivity κ, the Fickian diffusion coefficient of the electrolyte \ ( D \), and the cation transference number of the electrolyte \ ( t_ {+}^0 \). Langevin improved Einstein’s description of diffusion for ultra-short timescales in which there are few molecular collisions. simultaneous diffusion and chemical reaction) The diffusion coefficient for copper in aluminum at 500 and 600oC are 4. 1. An interface B-B' separates two regions of different concentration, C1 and C2 = particles/volume on the left and right side of the interface Compare the diffusion coefficients of saline solutions at different concentrations. In this paper, we provide recommended values for the diffusion coefficients at standard room temperature 298. Dispersion is the “spreading out” of a chemical that can be caused by different mechanisms Don’t confuse a molecular diffusion coefficient with a dispersion coefficient (more on dispersion will come later in the course). These Appendix A. Classic diffusion and mass transfer—Quick Start b): 1D Radial droplet IV. where G is the flux of the diffusing material. 96 03 04 O. Abstract In this work, we compiled and evaluated both self-diffusion and binary-diffusion coefficients D for gases as a function of temperature. Diffusion coefficients for small molecules (<1000 g/mol) typically range from1*10-10 to 1*10-8 m2s-1. Match the specific gravity of the solution of the dye to hat at the midpoint of the gradient and layer it there. We have recently been posting chapters from this book for free download, we hope you Diffusion is measured directly with an echo-based pulse sequence. • Learn how to deduce the Fick’s first law, and understand the meaning of diffusion coefficient and diffusion length. A solution of the form c ( x, y, z, t ) = X ( x ) Y ( y ) Z ( z ) T ( t ) is sought. The diffusion coefficients have units of m 2 /s in SI units or ft 2 /s in British units. 8x10-14 and 5. The diffusion coefficient is related to the thermodynamic diffusion coefficient by equation (32), where ‘a’ is the activity of the gas. Mass Diffusion Coefficient Inputs To specify the mass diffusion coefficients for the mixture, follow the steps below. Classic diffusion and mass transfer—c): 1D Mass transfer with chemical reaction Molecular Physics, 1989 Computed self diffusion coefficients for the Lennard-Jones and hard sphere fluids are related by Dej = DNs (aB) exp (-e/2kB T) where r B = au (2/ [1 + ~/ (1 + 2kB T/~,)]) 116, the effective hard sphere diameter, is the (average) distance of closest approach in collisions between molecules which interact with the positive part of the LJ potential, and the Arrhenius term Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY) Measuring Diffusion Coefficients by NMR Diffusion Coefficient is defined by the Stokes‐Einstein equation: Using gradients, molecules can be spatially labeled, based on their position in the tube. The purpose of this project is to study the properties of diffusion process, to observe the diffusion mechanisms and the diffusion in gases, liquids and solids, to find the diffusion coefficient of selected materials by doing experiments and using the formulas of diffusion. temperature, pressure, and concentration (17). Diffusivity values were calculated from the slope of conductivity-time graphs before Jan 1, 2015 · 'Permeability Coefficient' published in 'Encyclopedia of Membranes'where D is the gas diffusion coefficient in the film, C A is the local concentration of dissolved gas, and w A is the weight fraction of gas A in the film. A more explicit analysis shows that this provides a unification of the diffusion equation and the heat equation. 1 Conventional FCS can provide absolute diffusion constant and concentration values only when the exact shape and size of the confocal volume is known. See full list on scholar. . I. 61*10-7 m2/s. In the case of the PDF for the final position, our result for isotropic random walks is a multi dimensional generalization of the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) for sums of The diffusion kinetics, in terms of diffusion coefficient and diffusion flux, now have to be deduced (using the Fick’s first law) from the ‘‘electrochemical potential’, rather than the regular ‘chemical potential’, using the same protocol as we went through in Lecture 5. 1–4 topics important to diffusion but not to fluid flow tend to be omitted or deemphasized when the transport analogy is emphasized (e. In general, diffusion is greater through less restrictive structural regions, i. With respect to molecular motion, diffusion is used to denote self-diffusion, mutual diffusion and ‘distinct’ (not in the sense of individual to a species) diffusion coefficients. 0x10-8 m2/s, that the concentrations at the high- and low-pressure sides of the plate are 2. Diffusion is normally a slow process and is a rate determining factor in many cases of mass transfer. All values refer to aqueous solutions at 25 °C. 034 ID in cnv sec Physical A. Diffusion coefficient is not only encountered in Fick's law, but also in numerous other equations of physics and chemistry. 3. 2 Types of translational motion – physical interpretation and significance ‘Diffusion’ is used in the scientific literature with imprecision and ambiguity as there are a number of types of diffusion. It describes the apparatus, theory behind the Stefan tube method, and provides detailed calculations and observations necessary for the experiment. × Equation 2. This document describes an experiment to determine the diffusion coefficient of potassium chloride (KCl) solution. pdf), Text File (. Then = is the diffusion equation with diffusion coefficient D. 2. The currently general accepted equation for the prediction of the diffusion coefficients DP in packaging polymers is the so-called Piringer Equation. Compute the number of kilograms of hydrogen that pass per hour through a 5-mm thick sheet of Pd having an area of 0. What are the values of EA and Do for diffusion of Li in silicon? Mass Transfer Diffusion Boundary Conditions For an electrochemical problem, a diffusion equation is written for each dissolved species. Conventionally, the only considered transport mechanism for this coefficient is molecular diffusion. The tables in this paper have approximately 300 individual diffusion coefficients for a wide range of chemical classes: rare gases, small H/O/N/S species, hydrocarbons, and oxygen-, nitrogen-, and halogen-substituted hydrocarbons. 6 kg of H2 per m3 of Pd, and that The determination of diffusion coefficient (DAB) in gaseous is (acetone in air) is found to be 2. For diffusion to occur, there must be a concentration gradient present and the rate of the diffusion process is greatly affected by an increase in temperature. Introduction The purpose of this report is to evaluate pub lished data on gaseous diffusion coefficients and establish recommended values when possible. Roberts-Austen had ‘golden hands’ in choosing the system gold in lead for his No. Assuming rapid mixing across the canal section (8. 2) can be obtained easily from the last equation when combined with the phenomenological Fick’s first law, which assumes that the flux of the diffusing material in any part of the system is proportional to the local density gradient: The purification of H2 (gas) by diffusion through a Pd sheet was discussed in Section 5. 43 0. This enthalpic effect influences the scaling dependence of the diffusion coefficients by increasing the diffusion scaling law by a factor of N for compatible, negative chi blends. It can be solved for the spatially and temporally varying concentration c(x t ) with sufficient initial and boundary conditions. J = -D (Flux of mass, D: diffusion coefficient) dz Diffusion is an important process in chromatography in determining the The diffusion coefficient of heamoglobin in water is 6 9 10−11m2/s. MASS DIFFUSION In this section the mass transfer process is described. Hence, you can calculate a diffusion coefficient using MD and compare this to experiment. 8. A model for diffusive flux can be constructed from the following simple example. In order to derive the Nernst-Einstein’s equation, recall the expression for equivalent conductivity ( ) in May 1, 1997 · PDF | In this paper, an example of the application of the homogenization approach (asymptotic expansion technique) to predict the effective diffusion | Find, read and cite all the research you Dec 1, 2021 · The diffusion coefficients in gases and liquids calculated by the molecular dynamics method with the use of the hard absolutely rough elastic spheres model are compared with those calculated using Feb 29, 2024 · In this work, we compiled and evaluated both self-diffusion and binary-diffusion coefficients D for gases as a function of temperature. Key steps and equations are provided. The recommended Problems P20. The level of acetone increased Other coefficients include DiM, the diffusivity of i in a multicomponent mixture; Dii, the self-diffusion coefficient; and the tracer or interdiffusion coefficient. The derivation of the number μ from first principles requires some fairly sophisticated probability theory. It also lists the diffusion coefficient D of the ion in dilute aqueous solution, which is related to λ through the equation D = ( RT / F 2 )( ° /| z |) where R is the molar gas constant, T the temperature, F the Faraday constant, and z the charge on the ion. Steady-State Diffusion Rate of diffusion independent of time Flux proportional to concentration gradient = Fick’s first law of diffusion ≡ diffusion coefficient This course considers slightly compressible fluid flow in porous media. 0 m2/s, what are the concentrations of benzene 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the accident, at the site of the spill and 300 m away? To solve this problem, we first determine the mass of benzene that was spilled. Therefore, several approaches have been published to predict the diffusion coefficients of migrants. 35. txt) or read online for free. Discuss the effect of concentration in the diffusivity and the reasons of the differences between them. The CO2 causes a decrease in viscosity, as long as the concentration of CO2 in the middle of the sample is changing then the viscosity will change. The net effect is described by the usual Fick’s laws, but with an interdiffusion coefficient D which is weighted average of the two intrinsic diffusion coefficients: Absolute Diffusion Coefficients: Compilation of Reference Data for FCS Calibration Peter Kapusta, PicoQuant GmbH, July 2010, Rev. Data for he data were taken from tables Jan 1, 2016 · 'Permeability Coefficient' published in 'Encyclopedia of Membranes'where D is the gas diffusion coefficient in the film, C A is the local concentration of dissolved gas, and w A is the weight fraction of gas A in the film. The time-lag method of measuring diffusion coefficients has also been intensively investigated and extended. 325 kPa). The procedure includes setting up the apparatus, measuring liquid levels over time, and Lecture 5: Types of Diffusion Coefficients Chemical Diffusivity Prof. For marketing reasons we abandoned the book without completing it but this was one of several chapters that are complete. Conductivity increased rapidly at first then more slowly as saturation was reached. This study additionally considers the effects of Knudsen Outline Derivation of diffusion coefficient – a quick reminder Updated collapsing scheme Numerical example Conclusions ASTM C1556-11a- Determining Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient by Bulk Diffusion. The values of the diffusion coefficients reported by him are in good agreement with modern values determined using a radioisotope of gold [5]. The diffusion coefficients of the inserted species are the key parameters that determine battery cell properties. Although there exist a Preface The following document was written in 2000 as a chapter on Diffusion in Silicon for inclu-sion in a highly technical - text book on Silicon Integrated Circuit Process Technology. We would like some real numbers about how far a molecule or particle will difuse in a given time, and we would like to know what factors determine this. From the slope of a graph of the data, the diffusivity of acetone was calculated to be 7. Momentum and energy are conserved in these collisions, so the ideal gas law remains valid. Introduction The diffusion of molecules in solution depends on their size and shape. square of the velocity of the particles. This can be described quantitatively using the self-diffusion coefficient, D, which is inversely related to size; larger molecules have smaller diffusion coefficients, and vice-versa. 36 0. Diffusion process An enormous number of scientific attempts related to various applications of diffusion equation are presented for describing the transport of penetrant molecules through the polymeric membranes or kinetic of sorption/desorption of penetrant in/from the polymer bulk. 20 m2 at 500°C. Traditionally most experimental measurements of difusion have been based on measuring changes in bulk concentration The diffusing species as well as the host material influence the diffusion coefficient (Table 5. edu – diffusivity or diffusion coefficient, m2/s dC/dx – concentration gradient, atoms/m4 Recall: Solvent – the majority atom type (or host atoms): Solute – the element with lower concentration Substitutional – a solid solution in which the solute atoms are replaced by solute Interstitial – solute atoms are located in gaps between host An observer located at the markers will see not only a change in concentration due to intrinsic diffusion, but also because of the Kirk-endall flow of matter past the markers. Finally, another gradient pulse refocuses (or “undoes” the spatial labeling) the Jun 1, 2016 · PDF | The diffusion coefficient is a variable present in the operations of mass transfer, since it is part of many correlations. 3x10-13m2/s, respectively. Diffusion and temperature Diffusion coefficient increases with increasing T ⎛ Qd ⎞ = Do exp ⎜ − ⎟ ⎝ RT ⎠ Diffusion & Dispersion Diffusion is a method by which a chemical is dispersed. Similarly, a lot of attention has been devoted to moving-boundary problems since the first edition was published. Microscopic species A mass balance VI. 07 m deep and 48. In practice, the shape is approximated by 3D gaussian function. For example, there is a significant difference in magnitude between self-diffusion (D = 3 x 10-21) and carbon interdiffusion in iron at 500oC (D= 2. Jul 1, 2016 · The diffusion of sugar in aqueous solution is important both in nature and in technological applications, yet measurements of diffusion coefficients at low water content are scarce. The first part of the diffusion pulse sequence spatially labels, with a phase factor induced by gradient pulses, spins along the NMR tube’s z axis. More General Situations Normal Diffusion universal distributions after large numbers of steps. The logarithm of the diffusion coefficients plotted against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature yield a straight line in most of the cases, implying that over the temperature range, the diffusion coefficients can be expressed as: hydrochemistry programTable of Diffusion Coefficients The tables comprise the diffusion coefficients used in aqion to calculate the electrical conductivity. , grain boundaries, dislocation cores, external surfaces. Literature Retrieval Guide [3]. 1 lists the temperature, mass diffusivity coefficient (DABP), and molar mass diffusivity coefficient for various gas systems. 15 O Il 0. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 1. 4 and 0. The Brownian diffusion of small particles and Fick's law are first discussed. This is followed by the presentation of a number of applications. Conductivity measurements were taken over 50 minutes as KCl diffused through capillaries into distilled water. Now, patterns of the sort sho riod of many days The diffusion coefficients of fl —Diffusion: Microscopic T This experiment determined the gas diffusion coefficient of acetone. Abstract: Diffusion in solid state materials is a process whereby a liquid, a gas, or another solid can mix together with the host solid on the atomic level. 2182 x 10-4 m2/s. Introduction to diffusion/mass transfer II. 2 lists the temperature, solute concentration, and diffusivity for various solute-solvent liquid systems. 9. : thermal conductivity, or diffusion coefficient In physics, it is the transport of mass, heat, or momentum within a system In connection with Probability, Brownian motion, Black-Scholes equation, etc For the parabolic diffusion equation = and initial condition ,0 = 0 , use Fourier Transform to obtain the analytic solution. 000 4 x 107 5 Values are for diffusion in water in dilute solutions. The document describes an experiment to determine the liquid diffusion coefficient of NaCl solutions in water using a diffusion apparatus. Fick’s first law of diffusion says “the particle flux (per unit area per unit time) is proportional to the particle concentration gradient. The mass transfer in the former systems, after a short time, goes to be steady-state, and in the later Difusion Now, we go back to the problem introduced when we first began discussing probability, Brownian motion and difusion. Figure 8. Equation (7. , within the cell membrane, is given by x2=4Dt, where x is the displacement in cm, D is the diffusion coefficient in cm2/s, and t is time in seconds (Berg, 1983). 1988): The science of diffusion in solids started with the work of the English scientist William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843-1902). Diffusion in finite geometries Time-dependent diffusion in finite bodies can soften be solved using the separation of variables technique, which in cartesian coordinates leads to trigonometric-series solutions. 3 displays the measured diffusion coefficients for low concentrations of various dopant impurities in silicon and gallium arsenide. There is then a rather long delay, Δ, typically 50-200 ms, during which diffusion occurs. N p is the flux of the membrane, which is typically taken to be zero. 1. 8 m wide) and estimating the turbulent diffusion coefficient at 3. harvard. , 1977; PPerry and Chilton, 1973; SMachay et al. In order to monitor the diffusion, viscosity measurements were taken every few minutes. Additional Diffusion coefficient, also called Diffusivity, is an important parameter indicative of the diffusion mobility. ∞ Viscosity at time t Relative 5. Acetone was placed in a capillary tube and allowed to diffuse into stagnant air at 50°C. Section 7 examines changes in the diffusion coefficient when the equation of state of Brownian particles in the Einstein argument deviates from the general-gas law to the van der Waals equation. The constant μ is called the diffusion coefficient . e. The fractional free volume is a measure of gas solubility in the polymer and is linearly related to the operating condition, i. Knowledge of diffusion coefficients is important for proper description of such processes. g. In practice, the constant μ can be measured in the laboratory using some fairly simple experiments. , the diffusion equation) Chapter 3 3. Short catalogs of measured diffusion coefficients have previously appeared in the International Critical T~bles [1],1 the Landolt·Bornstein Tables f2], and the Thermophysical Properties Research . 2). The equation for CO, CR, as a function of x and t requires an initial condition (concentration profile at t = 0) and two boundary conditions (functions at certain values of x). Determine the approximate time at 500oC that will produce the same diffusion result ( in terms of concentration of Cu at some specific point in Al) as a 10-h heat treatment at 600oC. The main theme is the Stokes-Einstein diffusion coefficient for a single colloidal sphere, freely diffusing in a viscous (Newtonian) fluid. When saturation is reached the viscosity reaches η and remains constant. Conceptual Model for Diffusion Diffusion is defined as the net transport due to random motion. 2 reduces to (Ghosal and Freeman 1994; Koros et al. 8 Mean Free Path and Diffusion In a gas, the molecules collide with one another. These notes certainly do not form an exhaustive review of Brownian motion: main topics of current research such as effects of concentration or confinement are asured diffusion coefficients to specific problems [ e interdiffusion” or “chemical diffu ion” experiments. The diffusion coefficient of particular RNA molecule is 1. The tables provide diffusion data for common gas mixtures Apr 24, 2022 · PDF | The Research aimed to determine the liquid diffusion coefficient of NaCl in deionized water, also by changing the molarity of NaCl it was | Find, read and cite all the research you need The diffusion constant of lithium in silicon is 10–5 cm2/s at 1100°C and 10–6 cm2/s at 692°C. This is accomplished by diffusion. The molecular diffusion coefficient obtained theoretically is 2. The level of acetone was recorded every 10 minutes over 60 minutes as it diffused out of the tube. 11a The apparent diffusion coefficient determined by this method includes chemically bound chloride, so proper use of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient to predict chloride ingress requires consideration of chloride binding. 1988): Steady state diffusion Diffusion refers to the net movement of a species down a concentration gradient, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. x=L Consider diffusion in one dimension(x) over time (t) and let u(x,t) be the concentrationof the substance that is diffusing. Albert Y' ( Substance soi Water U rea Glucose Lactose Rafíinose Insulin Myoglobin Hemoglobin Tobacco mosaic virus Molecular/ionic weight 39 35. -2% w/v solution will do. The larger the diffusion coefficient value is, the faster or rather the more facile the insertion/desinsertion of the inserted species is, and eventually, the better the battery performance is. bawi1 nkk2 dqgxl bk flxz8 xf29 xyh i60r epi oj