London 1600 shakespeare. For the first time, get 1 free month of iStock exclusive photos, illustrations, and more. See the whole image. During the Renaissance most of the English population resided in rural areas. Inside the medieval walls of the city, where there was available space, it was being built on, and outside Jul 20, 2012 · Shakespeare's acquaintance, the poet John Weaver, also sang the praises of a woman whose face was "pure black as Ebonie, jet blacke". He wrote or co-wrote approximately 39 plays and 154 sonnets, as well as a variety of other poems. A specific place and time that plays an important role in the story is referred to as an integral setting Oct 18, 2019 · In Shakespeare’s plays, we find scenes that take place in taverns and alehouses – but no coffee shops – and characters who drink ale and wine – but not what we now think of as the quintessential English beverage: tea. Y. But Shakespeare was not the first great playwright of the Elizabethan Jul 1, 2015 · Read William Shakespeare's timeline from before his birth to after his death. H. In that time, it has become one of the world's most significant financial and cultural centres. With several theatres offering plays most afternoons, this meant between 10,000 and 20,000 people a week going to London theatres. Shakespeare's time was a time of great fascination with the mystical and supernatural. The Moroccan king’s ambassador, Abd al-Wahid bin Messaoud bin Mohammed al-Annuri, and his party arrived in Dover on this day in 1600. [1] 11 February–March – Clown William Kempe ("Will Kemp") morris dances from London to Norwich. His theatre work was in London but he was often with his family in Stratford, where he also attended to his business interests May 25, 2017 · Step into Shakespeare’s 16th-century London. 1 Hamlet was first performed, probably in 1600 or 1601, by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, who were to become the King's Men in 1603 when James VI of Scotland came to the throne as James VI and I. It is the U. [7] Discover your ultimate guide to London. Shoreditch and Bankside in particular were hotspots. The Rose was an Elizabethan playhouse, built by theatre entrepreneur Philip Henslowe in 1587. arranged for the first time in the best-established chronological sequence, Shakespeare’s last seven extant plays are discussed in detail in Jul 3, 2018 · The Baird William Shakespeare is often seen as the greatest playwright in English literature. Blackfriars Theatre, either of two separate theatres, the second famed as the winter quarters (after 1608) of the King’s Men, the company of actors for whom Shakespeare served as chief playwright and also as a performer. Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 15. Map of London's theatres c. Feb 8, 2023 · The novel the Shakespeare Stealer, tells the story of a boy who visits the Globe Theatre and interacts with Shakespeare. Comprehensive facts about the William Shakespeare Old Globe Theater History and Timeline. It was destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613. They travelled to the queen’s court in London and stayed in England for May 17, 2018 · William Shakespeare April 23, 1564 Stratford-upon-Avon, England April 23, 1616 Stratford-upon-Avon, England Playwright, poet "What a piece of work is man!… The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals! And yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust?" Hamlet, Act 2, scene 2. 1600 London theaters (c. When readers of Shakespeare examine the timeline of his life Jun 12, 2020 · The most celebrated playwright of the period was William Shakespeare (1564-1616) whose works were performed at the famous Globe Theatre in London and covered such diverse themes as history, romance, revenge, murder, comedy and tragedy. [note 1] Elizabethan Food Tudor Diet The Elizabethans, like us, had three main meals a day: breakfast, dinner, and supper. [2] c. The Admiral's Men occupied the Rose Theatre in the 1590s, and the Fortune Theatre in the early 17th century. Rosalyn Sklar 15 Oct 2014 Home to the Globe theatre, bear-baiting and prostitution, find out how Southwark became the centre of entertainment in London, during the Tudor age. William Shakepeare is generally acknowledged to be the greatest of English writers and one of the most extraordinary creators in human history. A description and a sketch of the Swan made by Johannes de Witt of Utrecht (no longer extant; the sketch copied by Aernoudt [Arendt] van Buchell is the only copy) have proved most useful in attempts to Some facts about witches and magic - explore Playground to discover more fact pages! Shakespeare Documented features all primary sources that document the life and career of William Shakespeare. University of Victoria Library. Although square while the Globe was Apr 26, 2022 · In 1600, William Shakespeare claimed the title of the most famous playwright in England, drawing up to 20,000 spectators to theaters in London. < Further reading on this topic. Wool textiles gained popularity as their quality and craftsmanship became known. There was a great gap between the rich and the poor, but no matter how much money In the Jacobean and Caroline periods the venue became the most important indoor theatre in London and was the premiere theatrical venue of the age. Overview Prologue 1533-1564 Elizabethan Years 1564-1603 Jacobean Years 1603-1625 From the birth of William Shakespeare until the death of Elizabeth I Elizabethan Years 1564-1603 … continue reading this page Edmond Malone was the first scholar to construct a tentative chronology of Shakespeare's plays in An Attempt to Ascertain the Order in Which the Plays attributed to Shakspeare were Written (1778), an essay published in the second edition of Samuel Johnson and George Steevens 's The Plays of William Shakespeare. The reign of Elizabeth (1558 - 1603) saw England emerge as the leading naval and commercial power of the Western world. As in the commedia dell’arte, these localities had little significance Other options that Shakespeare could use today would be to travel by car or modern day coach on the M40 motorway which is only eight miles away from Stratford-upon-Avon. Henslowe and Alleyn, seeing the evitable, began construction on a new theatre north of the city with Peter Street who had constructed the Globe. Tobacco makes it's way to England and the slave trade is booming. All his major life events and works included. Elements of religion and magic formed an integral part of the fabric of Elizabethan society, infusing it with a sense of wonder, mystery, and spiritual exploration. Travelling by train, car or coach would allow Shakespeare to take more luggage than travelling on horseback and travel much more easily and quickly between home and London. A person could become a noble either by birthright or by grant from the king or queen. The performance probably started at about 2 p. His plays continue to cast a shadow over all other plays of the era and quite possibly all other plays that came after his. In this fact sheet, students will learn about who went to the theatre, how much they paid and more, providing a good background for understanding Shakespeare's audience. No writer before or since has equaled Shakespeare in influence, critical acclaim, or enduring popularity. (After some quick and interesting facts on the Globe Theatre, or want to know the story about building the old Globe Theatre?) During Shakespeare’s time, London’s population was around 200,000. In this map of 1600 London, you can see the locations of several of the theaters of London and while this map does not include all of the smaller churches and inns which might have houses plays, it shows most of the major competing playhouses that rivaled Shakespeare when he was writing for the The Globe, and the Blackfriars playhouse. London was amongst a group of cities in Europe that by 1600 had grown to a population of at least 100,000. Aug 1, 2025 · Whether you're keen to brush up on your history knowledge at the Tower of London, tour the home of the monarchy at Buckingham Palace or check out one of the city's many art galleries, London 2 days ago · London is the capital city of the United Kingdom. (Photo by Stock Montage/Getty Images) While William Shakespeare’s reputation is based primarily on his plays, he became famous first as a poet. After 1608, the second of these theaters became famous as the winter quarters of the King’s Men, the theatrical company that had William Shakespeare as its chief playwright. One was represented by small groups of professional actors who performed in halls, inns, or marketplaces. That John Weever praises Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, The Rape of Lucrece and Venus Adonis in the poem Ad Guglielmum Shakespeare. Resources for primary and secondary students. John Weever praises Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, The Rape of Lucrece and Venus Adonis in the poem Ad Guglielmum Shakespeare. -It was in this theater that Shakespeare showcased many of his magnificent and legendary plays to the eager and excited crowds of England. Playwright, poet, and actor William Shakespeare lived an era of exploration, entering the world in the the same orbit as Galileo (also born in 1564), and into a monarchy on the cusp of embracing exploration and Mar 28, 2017 · London was the richest city in England and therefore was home to one of the first permanent playhouse theatres. Search from 597 1600s London stock photos, pictures and royalty-free images from iStock. He was best known as one of the original stage actors in early dramas by William Shakespeare, and roles associated with his name may have included the comic creation Falstaff. For example, when Hamlet's son died in 1596, four years later, he began to write his play Hamlet, which bears an odd similarity to the name of his dead son. There were outdoor playhouses, also known as ‘amphitheatres’ or ‘public’ playhouses, and indoor playhouses, also known as ‘halls’ or ‘private’ playhouses. Two theaters in London, England, were known as Blackfriars Theatre. A. One today is astonished at the ignorance of the then Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 15. But it also helped me Jul 13, 2015 · This article offers a comprehensive list of each piece included in Open City: London, 1500–1700 one of the Exhibitions at the Folger. William Kempe (c. It includes the drama of William Shakespeare, along with many other famous dramatists. That's a lot of people! So who were they? Apr 24, 2025 · All this paints a picture of William and Anne Shakespeare together in London, and living, perhaps around 1599–1603, in Trinity Lane. In 1970 the American actor Sam Wanamaker, who was driven by the notion of reconstructing a replica of the Globe, established the Shakespeare Globe Playhouse Trust. 1600. The The Chronology of Shakespeare's Plays Establishing the chronology of Shakespeare's plays is a most frustrating and difficult task. The exact date of his birth is not known but is generally taken to be 23rd April, three days before his christening. Shakespeare is thought to have composed arguably his greatest play, Hamlet at this time. Ambereen Dadabhoy is an assistant professor of literature at Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California. Women were banned from appearing on stage, so male actors played the roles of A world-renowned theatre, education centre, and cultural landmark in London, UK. London is the L. April – Publication of Ben Jonson 's play Every Man out of His Humour in London; [1] it goes through three editions this year. New York: H. Mar 20, 2024 · London is one of the world's most mesmerizing cities. It was built in 1599 at Southwark, close to the south bank of the Thames, by Shakespeare's playing company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men. Now finished with Shakespeare's troupe and looking for another way to entertain the people of London, Kempe planned a wild publicity stunt. An overview of the Globe Theatre, where many of William Shakespeare's plays were first performed. Between 1550 and 1600, it was estimated that London city grew from around 50,000 residents to over 200,000. Holt. ” The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race was published by In the late 1580's or early 90's Shakespeare found himself in London, a city that was expanding in size and was developing new businesses. From 1599 a The history of London, the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, extends over 2000 years. But what was life like in Shakespeare’s time in the town he was from – Stratford-upon-Avon, England? Here, Dean Hill tells us about life in 16th century Stratford. Starting around 1600, by which time Shakespeare’s company had moved into the Globe Theatre in London, Shakespeare embarked on writing his well-known tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, and Antony and Cleopatra. [1] The Curtain was built some 200 yards (180 m) south of London's first playhouse Jan 29, 2016 · Shakespearean Theatres could be found all over Elizabethan London. Dec 15, 2013 · Chapters on the history of London inns from Henry C. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Shakespeare was part of The Lord Chamberlain's Men. History Origins The Fortune Theatre was contemporary with Shakespeare's Globe, the Swan theatre and others; it stood in the parish of St Giles William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) The most celebrated English playwright and poet and one of the great writers of all time, William Shakespeare was highly esteemed during his lifetime. Paul's Cathedral, causing visitors to gape at their beauty and exhaust their phone's Explore 50 best things to do in London, from iconic landmarks to hidden gems and local favourites – with tips to make the most of your London trip. | How to cite this page > Jun 11, 2021 · Pericles, possibly by Shakespeare and George Wilkins, London, at Court, between January 1606 and November 1608; London, Globe theater, probably circa 1607-1608. It was growing very rapidly, and this was due to the migration of people from the countryside and from other countries in Europe. Shakespeare’s Theatres 1: The Theatre Shakespeare’s earliest plays were performed at The Theatre. Tradition proposes, with uncertain authority, that Shakespeare may have played the Ghost of Hamlet's father. The Swan was a theatre in Southwark, London, England, built between 1594 and 1596, during the first half of William Shakespeare's career. Oct 15, 2014 · Home Explore Shakespeare Blogs A Portrait of an Actor Take a look at some dramatic portraits of William Sly, Nathan Field, and Richard Burbage (all of whom were friends of William Shakespeare and acted in his plays), and see what these sorts of paintings can tell us about the statuses of their subjects. Shakespeare’s Way, 235 km or 146 miles long, inaugurated in 2006, runs from his birthplace in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire to Shakespeare’s Globe (close to where the original Globe Theatre stood), alongside the Thames in London . [2] The city also expanded to take up more This article describes the entertainment on offer during a day out around the Globe Theatre in Shakespeare’s time. The major companies were based at specific theatres in London; the most successful of them, William Shakespeare 's company the King's Men, had the open-air Globe Theatre for summer seasons and the enclosed Blackfriars Theatre in the winters. SHAKESPEARE'S SONNETS This is part of the web site of Shakespeare's sonnets SHAKESPEARE'S LONDON A view of London Bridge circa 1600 From a photo-chromolithograph made for the New Shakspere Society, from a drawing in Pepys' Collection at Magdalene College, Cambridge. The streets were a noisy place: salesmen shouted out their wares, bells rang and beggars Thomas Platter, a Swiss visitor to London, in 1599 attends an early performance of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar at the new Globe Theatre. com In the early 1600s, the city probably looked much as it did when Shakespeare first arrived in about the late 1580s—a large, bustling metropolis with the River Thames as its main thoroughfare, and small boats for hire like taxicabs on modern city streets. By 1600 20000 people are attending the theatre per week. He returned there often to visit his family, use his library and to write in familiar surroundings. Sketch of the Globe Theatre Know about Shakespeare's Globe Theater and the reason behind its location. The woods were the haunts of fairies. AudiencesBy 1600 London theatres, like the Globe, could take up to 3000 people for the most popular plays. 5 days ago · Map of London's theaters c. 1 million. , D. London became a booming trade station handling 85 percent of all exports. London: Methuen. The first opened in 1599 and was built by the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, the company that William Shakespeare wrote for and part-owned. His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets Oct 3, 2011 · William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, a bustling market town 100 miles northwest of London, and baptized there on April 26, 1564. Save this place to a Trip, where you can track your faves and get personalized picks as you plan. During the sixteenth century London approximately doubled its size to 200,000 inhabitants, which by today's standards seems small. Many of the adversities that arose during this time related to the precariousness of the theater. In 1600, with the Rose in bad repair and suffering from the competition of the newly opened Globe Theatre, Henslowe built a new theatre, the Fortune, to the north of the city, and the Admiral’s Men transferred there. May 31, 2017 · London was a very big city, but that wasn’t all. Jul 28, 2025 · Globe Theatre - Rebuilding, Shakespeare, London: The Globe was pulled down in 1644, two years after the Puritans closed all theatres, to make way for tenement dwellings. After the Admiral's men The London book-trade in 1600 was, at once, more sophisticated in the diversity of its products and much smaller than we might assume. It replicates Thomas Dekker (c. Theatrical life and the establishment of permanent theatres Feb 27, 2023 · The Globe Theater during Shakespeare's time was a loud, sometimes stinky place. Nov 1, 2000 · William Shakespeare, one of the world's most beloved and best authors, left many traces behind during his time in Bankside, England such as the Globe Theater. Performing to a potential audience of 3,000 people, they required an interesting and varied stock of repertoire. Its circular shape, though, reflected not the D-shape of a Roman amphitheatre but the gatherings of crowds in a circle around In 1597 Edward Alleyn retired from acting but still lead the company. In 1640 he returned to the London theatre scene, replacing Massinger as the King’s Men’s new leading playwright when he died. Almost all classes of citizens, excepting many Puritans and like-minded Reformers, came to them for afternoon entertainment. A nobleman was rich and powerful and therefore during the reign of Elizabeth as well as the reigns of her father and grandfather Henry VIII and Henry VII, the monarch rarely appointed new nobles. Sketches of the theatre are, well, sketchy. Open City: London, 1500–1700 explores Late ShakeSpeare, 1608–1613 In fourteen specially commissioned chapters by leading Shakespeare scholars from around the globe, Late Shakespeare, 1608–1613 provides an essential re-appraisal of the final phase of Shakespeare’s writing life. Although Shakespeare is known as the Bard of Avon, and came from Stratford, Shakespeare and London are inextricably linked. This is the style of the plays of William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe andBen Jonson. The kinds of food eaten depended very much on wealth and status. The 1623 bill of lading in the Folger is a seemingly insignificant sheet of paper. Nobility could lose An enriching theatre experience brought alive by the world’s finest talents. Abd al-Wahid bin Messaoud bin Mohammed al-Annuri Shakespeare may have been inspired by the visit of the Moroccan ambassador to Elizabeth I as he created the ‘noble Moor’ in Othello. Oct 7, 2022 · A product of religious fervour and political upheaval, the banning of plays in London and across England in 1642 was a moment that has come to symbolise the grey years of Puritanical rule in England during Oliver Cromwell’s Commonwealth. Source for information on Shakespeare, William (1564–1616): Encyclopedia of European Social History dictionary. As well as plays A Shakespeare Timeline: Part 2 (1600-1604) Shakespeare Timeline (1558-1599) Shakespeare Timeline (1600-1604) Shakespeare Timeline (1605-1616) 1600 First Production of Julius Caesar The diary of Thomas Platter documents the first recorded performance of Shakespeare's Roman tragedy. View in our Digital Collections In the early 1600s, the city probably looked much as it did when Shakespeare first arrived in about the late 1580s—a large, bustling metropolis with the River Thames as its main thoroughfare, and small boats for hire like taxicabs on modern city streets. The Swan had opened nearby around 1595, and the Rose was also facing tough competition from the newer, extremely popular Globe Theatre. William Gifford, Jonson's 19th-century editor, wrote that the society was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1603 [5] based on a note by John Aubrey, but Raleigh was imprisoned in the Tower of London from 19 July of that year until 1616 and it is hardly likely that someone The amazing web site of Shakespeare's Sonnets. The surviving records of Shakespeare and his family can help us understand the context and chronology An Irishman, he stayed there for ten years as Beeston’s main dramatist, before leaving London and returning home to write for a new Dublin theatre in the late 1630s. What are fairy rings but the marks of Learn about Shakespeare's life and family: birth in Stratford-upon-Avon, marriage to Anne Hathaway and their children, work in London theaters, and death. C. MoEML began in 1999 as a digital atlas of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century London based on the 1560s Agas woodcut map of the city. As the population increased to 200 000 in 1600, street travel became a particularly cumbersome affair. But it has a story to tell. The portrait was given to the National Portrait Gallery, London, on its foundation in Feb 16, 2017 · At that time, a man named William Davenant, who was rumored to be an illegitimate son of William Shakespeare, was, along with Thomas Killigrew, granted a theatrical patent from Charles II, giving them a virtual monopoly over the London theatre scene. Picturesque streets and avenues connect renowned attractions like Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, and St. TAGS: Poetry in print, Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616, Print, 1600s, Shakespeare's name printed on the title page or dedicatory leaf of his work in his lifetime, Shakespeare's Sonnets, University of Manchester Library History of The Globe and other theaters in London where Shakespeare's company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men, performed, audience experiences in playhouses, expectations for actors, costumes and other staging choices. Oil on canvas by Thomas Brooks, 1857. Seventeenth-century views of London show a series of playhouses on the south bank of the river Thames, in Southwark, opposite St Paul’s Cathedral. Modern architectural marvels like the Shard line medieval laneways peppered with historic monuments, high-end shops, and award-winning theaters. The play was registered with the Stationers’ Company, along with Henry IV Part 2, on August 23, 1600 by Andrew Wise and William Aspley, marking the first time Shakespeare’s name appeared in the Register. Ditchfield. This people, in a sense, was an ignorant people. Life in Shakespeare's London From Shakespeare's London by Henry Thew Stephenson. Globe Theatre - Design, Architecture, Playhouse: The design of the original Theatre responded to a mix of traditions. In around 1600, the presence of black people had become an The Fortune Playhouse is the name of an historic theatre in London. ) owned the largest shares of the company and their family had owned The Apr 21, 2016 · Snacking In Shakespeare's Time: What Theatregoers Ate At The Bard's Plays : The Salt There were no dress circle lounges nor mezzanine bars 400 years ago. Discover the history, landmarks, and walking tours that bring the Bard’s world to life for modern-day visitor The age of Shakespeare was a great time in English history. Hand illustrated map outlines several major theaters in close promiximity to Shakespeare's Globe in 1600s London, England. The Burbage brothers (see the "other information page" for the shareholders and etc. The English playwright, poet, and actor William Shakespeare is generally considered the greatest of English Globe Theatre Actors Interesting information about the Globe Theatre Actors during the life and times of William Shakespeare and Elizabethan London, England The Life of a Globe Theatre Actors The reputation of the early Elizabethan Actors was not good and any were viewed as no better than rogues and vagabonds - actors were not trusted. “The Globe” superimposed; originally mislabelled “beere baiting”. 1603), commonly referred to as Will Kemp, was an English actor and dancer who specialised in comic roles. Named after the goddess of fortune, whose statue stood over the front doorway, the Fortune resembled the Globe except that it was 1600 January – In Ireland, Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, renews the Nine Years' War against England with an invasion of Munster. In the late 1500s, London experienced the theatre revolution that gave us William Shakespeare. The author helps readers understand the lives of performers and theatre patrons in London in the 1600s. Painting by John Faed, 1851. Consequently, this novel has an example of integral setting. English Renaissance theatre is English drama written between the Reformation and the closure of the theaters in 1642, after the Puritan revolution. It was full to its capacity of 2000 people, and the play was a great success. Painted between 1600 and 1610, it may have served as the basis for the engraved portrait of Shakespeare used in the First Folio in 1623. It has images, descriptions, and transcriptions of 500 manuscripts and printed works. The first theatre began as a venue for the Children of the Chapel Royal, child actors associated with the Blackfriars Theatre Shakespeare Hits the Big Time Blackfriars Theatre was built by Richard Burbage in 1596 on the northern bank of the Thames. At the time, London was smaller than Constantinople, Naples and Paris but larger than Lisbon, Seville and Venice. From 1599 to 1642 the Globe was the outdoor playhouse for the Chamberlain's Men (the King's Men after 1603, or 'the Shakespeare company'). These two playhouses were still operating when Shakespeare arrived in London, and he probably acted in both buildings. (552 mm x 438 mm) overall Given by Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere, 1856 This portrait has been adopted thanks to a generous donation from Michael Silver and Stephanie Thomas Primary Collection NPG 1 On display at Home of the Arts, Surfers Paradise, Australia To the right is a drawing of London around the early 1600s. The City of London is the historic core of the Greater London metropolis, and is today its Who was William Shakespeare? What family did he have? What was life like in Stratford-upon-Avon and London when he was alive? Shakespeare before Sir Thomas Lucy in the hall of Charlecote. However, scholars have decided upon a specific play chronology, based upon the following sources of information: 1) several Jul 12, 2012 · The London book-trade in 1600 was, at once, more sophisticated in the diversity of its products and much smaller than we might assume. The location of a play was established by the words and gestures of the actors. Her chapter in the Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race is called “Barbarian Moors: Documenting Racial Formation in Early Modern England. Shopping Home » Shakespeare’s World » Theaters of London 1567-1642 Theaters of London 1567-1642 A kingdom for a stage, princes to act, And monarchs to behold the swelling scene! → 1642, Wenceslas Hollar, Long View of London. The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. The narrative poem, The Phoenix and the Turtle is thought to have been written. Sep 6, 2025 · Artistic achievements William Shakespeare William Shakespeare reciting a work before the court of Elizabeth I, c. Read an overview of Shakespeare’s theatres below. Between 1595 and 1600 Shakespeare faced a series of adversities that no doubt affected him profoundly, even as he continued to produce first-rate plays at a blistering pace. 7. It shows an imagined view of London in around 1600. They mostly showed productions of Shakespeare plays and works by Sheridan, who managed the Theatre Royal Drury Lane at the time. ’s largest metropolis and its economic, transportation, and cultural center. Back then, audience snacked on cold May 21, 2021 · FolgerShakespeareLibrary · Race and Blackness in Elizabethan England Dr. In 1600, he leased it to Henry Evans at an annual rate of £40, for a term of 21 years, and the children's performances continued. In 1623 Ben Jonson was closely associated with Publication of William Shakespeare's First Folio of plays. All images of Tarlton derive from this illustration depicting him in manuscript Harley 3885, an Alphabet book, with English or Latin phrases. at the Shakespeare's Globe Museum. English Renaissance theatre, also known as early modern English theatre, or (commonly) as Elizabethan theatre, refers to the theatre of England between 1562 and 1642. Some rich nobleman also became patrons of the theatre and donated money to fund productions. In 1600, London had a population of 200-250,000. William Shakespeare associated with John Taylor oil on canvas, feigned oval, circa 1610 21 3/4 in. Visit this William Shakespeare site containing the Old Globe Theater History and Timeline. From its inception in 1594, the Lord Chamberlain's Men performed at The Theatre, a playhouse located in Shoreditch. This article presents a possible chronological listing of the composition of the The , published in 1623, included 36 of Shakespeare's plays William Shakespeare (1564–1616) [1] was an English poet and playwright. Located on the south side of Maiden Lane (now Park Street), under Anchor Terrace, Southwark, just east of Southwark Bridge, the Bankside Globe staged most, probably all, of the plays of William Shakespeare, including famous titles such as Hamlet, King Lear Feb 10, 2017 · Shakespeare More and more theatres grew up around London and eventually attracted Shakespeare, who wrote some of the greatest plays in world literature. The Globe is partially built with wood and materials from the troupes previous primary theater, The Theatre. It is impossible to know the exact order of succession because there is no record of the first production date of any of Shakespeare's works. In the article, we present 21 facts about Shakespeare’s London in the late 16th century and early 17th century that the Bard would have known and experienced. Our modern enlightenment has driven away these gentle creatures from their accustomed playgrounds. This broader 1599: Shakespeare’s father is granted a confirmation of arms; Shakespeare’s acting company takes down its old theater and uses the timber to build the Globe 1600: Extracts from Shakespeare’s plays and poetry appear in Bel-vedere, the first printed literary commonplace book to include plays 1601: Shakespeare’s father, John Shakespeare, dies The Rose TheatreBy 1600, however, the Rose was fading. While Falstaff spends much of Henry IV, Part 1 calling for another cup of sack (a popular Spanish white wine in the period), never does he call for a cup of coffee. In 1600 he danced a morris dance from London to Norwich, almost 100 miles north. During this period, the population of the city grew enormously, from about 50,000 at the end of the 15th century [1] to an estimated 200,000 by 1603, over 13 times that of the next-largest city in England, Norwich. Which five plays are known as his "great tragedies"? 8. of Britain — a living, breathing, thriving organism…a coral reef of humanity. These streets were often dark, especially in winter. Elizabeth I's England consolidated its position with the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, and firmly established the Church of England (begun by her father, Henry VIII, after a dispute with the Pope). After decades of the likes of Shakespeare, Webster and Marlowe creating a thriving theatrical scene in the capital, the playhouses then fell silent for 18 Apr 21, 2017 · In honor of Earth Day, here's a prominent early modern treatise against air pollution in London from the Folger collection: "Fumifugium," published in 1661. However, by 1598 their patrons Oct 21, 2024 · Relive the dramatic 1613 Globe Theatre fire during a performance of Shakespeare's 'Henry VIII,' a pivotal moment in theater history. Act V of Beerbohm Tree's Henry VIII disappeared entirely. 1601-1602. The Lord Admiral's Men had their last performance at the The Chandos portrait is an oil painted portrait thought to depict William Shakespeare (1564–1616). It was not consistently spelled any single way during his lifetime (1564–1616), including by Shakespeare himself, in manuscript or in printed form; historians note that this was not unusual for documents in the Jan 12, 2023 · The Folger Shakespeare Library possesses several examples of the document known as the “bill of lading,” the earliest dating from 1623, the others from the later seventeenth century. Seventeen years later a groundbreaking ceremony was held on a The English Renaissance theatre or Elizabethan theatre was the theatre of England from 1558 to 1642. This is the only portrait of him that has any claim to have been painted from life, although there is no definitive evidence. Poor people, in general, had humble and unvaried diets, whereas the rich of Elizabethan England ate well. Shelley, Inns and Taverns of Old London (1909). History Origins The Fortune Theatre was contemporary with Shakespeare's Globe, the Swan theatre and others; it stood in the parish of St Giles Theatre Map of early modern London. Whereas it is now common to distinguish between the arts and sciences within university curricula, as a disciplinary Known occupants Howard's / Admiral's Men 1587 - 1600 Strange's Men 1592 - 1593 Sussex's Players 1593 - 1594 Queen's Men 1594 - ? Worcester's Players 1602 - 1603 Some time after 1599-1600 Shakespeare turned from writing predominantly romantic comedies and history plays to tragedies. It was the fifth public playhouse to be built in London, after the Red Lion in Whitechapel (1567), The Theatre (1576) and the Curtain (1577), both in Shoreditch, and the theatre at Newington Butts (c. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre Capacity The Shakespeare's Globe Theatre London has a capacity of 1401 seats. By 1600 London theatres, like the Globe, could take up to 3000 people for the most popular plays. Sometime after 1599-1600 Shakespeare turned from writing predominantly romantic comedies and history plays to tragedies. There were two Blackfriars indoor playhouses, both housed at the old Blackfriars monastery site in and near Apothecaries Hall. The newly constructed theater seats 1,500 people (half the original capacity), uses fire resistant materials and modern backstage machinery. It may also be called early modern English theatre. Gabriel Spenser, one on the company's actors, was killed in a duel with the dramatist Ben Jonson in 1598. This edition was printed for Wise and Aspley soon thereafter, around two years after it was first written and Jun 22, 2017 · Timeline of Important Events in Shakespeare's Life Many of Shakespeare's works appear to be directly affected by events that had happened in London or in his own personal life. May 8, 2018 · Baron Waldstein visited London on 3 July 1600 during his travels. In Shakespeare's time ignorance and superstition held relentless sway over the popular mind. "To be or not to be" is a quote from which of Shakespeare's works? 9. Ogle the crown jewels at the Tower of London, gaze up at mighty Big Ben, and see the Houses of Parliament in action. Clothing in Elizabethan England From The Elizabethan People by Henry Thew Stephenson: New York, Henry Holt and Company. Richard Burbage took the role of Hamlet. Royalty also Jan 30, 2017 · Along with the theater, animal blood sports were among the most beloved entertainments of 16th and 17th century England. x 17 1/4 in. 1600-1601. By 1595, 15,000 people a week were watching plays in London. Although his career as an actor, theatre manager and playwright took him to London, Shakespeare remained a country boy at heart. It burned down in 1613, during a performance of Henry VIII (stage cannons and thatch roofs don’t mix). In addition, while there were strict regulations on public playhouses within the William Shakespeare's life began in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564. London's streets were notoriously narrow and congested. 1601. It has withstood plague, devastating fire, civil war, aerial bombardment, terrorist attacks, and riots. 1572 – 25 August 1632) was an English Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer, a versatile and prolific writer, whose career spanned several decades and brought him into contact with many of the period's most famous dramatists. The modern reconstruction on London’s Bankside DescriptionMore than 400 years after his plays graced London’s stages and the British monarchs’ gaze, William Shakespeare remains a staple of the English literary canon. K. It was during Elizabeth's reign that the first real theatres were built in England. Circa 1600, English playwright and poet William Shakespeare (1564-1616). It was neither entirely a trade in printed books, nor were the printed books always English in origin. The Globe Theatre opened in 1599, probably with a performance of Julius Caesar. He is often called England's national poet and the " Bard of Avon " or simply "the Bard". They viewed the noble class as a threat to their power and liked to keep their numbers small. 23 April 1564 [b] – 23 April 1616) [c] was an English playwright, poet and actor. Courtesy of Amy Ulen. Among the many labeled churches here is old Saint Paul’s Cathedral, later destroyed in the fire and Mar 8, 2022 · Recipes for plague-curing potions like "Doctor Burges's remedy" are often found in household recipe books of Shakespeare's time. But what sets it apart from other major hubs are its distinct neighborhoods, each with their own vibe. With several theatres offering plays Feb 1, 2024 · Shakespeare's Globe is a reconstruction of the original Globe Theatre, an iconic playhouse associated with William Shakespeare. Research: What are the key historical facts about the Elizabethan era? What events were happening? Swan Theatre, Elizabethan theatre built about 1595 by Francis Langley in Bankside, London. The Tower of London was London’s old medieval fortress. When the company moved to the Globe, Shakespeare became a partner in the company and eventually became wealthy, partly as a result of that. The original contains the verse: "The picture here set down, / Within this letter T, / Aright doth shew the form and shape / Of Tharlton unto thee" Richard Tarlton (died 5 September 1588) was an English actor of During the early years of the 19th Century only two patented theatres in London were allowed to show plays; the Theatre Royal Drury Lane and Covent Garden. The Fortune Playhouse is the name of an historic theatre in London. What did Shakespeare make of all the discussions over the previous months leading up to this massive investment in international exploration and trade? William Shakespeare[a] (c. This is what it was really like to attend a play at Shakespeare's Globe Theater. They neither read, wrote, nor thought. The engraving was first published in Amsterdam in 1616, with the title "Londinum Florentissima Britanniae Urbs Toto Orbe Celeberrimum Emporiumque". Modern theatre was born, with plays performed to large crowds in open-air playhouses north and south of the River Thames. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Jun 4, 2024 · Elizabethan London: Royals and rogues From taverns and playhouses to markets and plagues and slums, what was life really like in Elizabethan London? This is the first (and only) quarto edition of Much Ado About Nothing. These were very different theatres that attracted different types of audiences. In the Jacobean and Caroline periods the venue became the most important indoor theatre in London and was the premiere theatrical venue of the age. Shakespeare was a part-owner, or sharer, in the company, as well as an actor and the resident playwright. ' - The Globe Theatre or the Shakespeare Globe Theatre was one of most famous playhouses of the Elizabethan Era and times to come. A second Globe Theatre was built on the same site by June 1614 and stayed open until the London theatre closures of 1642. The Globe Theatre View the map to understand where theatres were located in 1600 London. See full list on britannica. Apr 24, 2023 · Explore the Blackfriars parish, the Puritans who lived there, and how Shakespeare finally launched a theater in this elite district. David P. Shakespeare's 'London years' are generally considered to be from around 1585 to around 1612. They had travelled from Morocco on a ship known as The Eagle and had managed to avoid capture by the Spanish fleet before landing in England The replicate of The Globe is not a complete duplicate however. Describes the location, audience, players, construction, and conventions of Shakespeare's Six Months in the City On the 15th August 1600 a sixteen-man Embassy from an Arab country entered London for what would end up being a six-month stay. The Rose Theatre Shakespeare's Audience in his Day Going to a Play in Shakespeare's London London's First Public Playhouse Shakespeare's Boss Blackfriars: Shakespeare Hits the Big Time Theatre Closures Due to Disease Entertainment in Elizabethan England Shocking Elizabethan Drama How Many Plays Did Shakespeare Write? The Greatest Actor of England In 1600, the population of London was 245,000 people – double the size of Paris and Amsterdam, making the city, and therefore England, a central force in European and world culture. In 1600 The Admiral’s Men moved to the newly built Fortune playhouse in North London. Superstition, Alchemy and Astrology in Shakespeare's Day From The England of Shakespeare by P. It was located between Whitecross Street and the modern Golden Lane, just outside the City of London. With a blend of comedy, historical intrigue, and the nuances of human relationships, "Café Chronicles: London 1600" offers readers a rollicking ride through the annals of history, emphasizing that every individual, no matter how small, plays a part in the grand narrative of time. Shakespeare's London. Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre continues to stage Shakespeare’s plays in the open air and is a very popular tourist attraction. Its name, which up to then had been used for atlases (such as Mercator’s) rather than for playhouses, drew attention to the Roman theatre tradition. Its most prominent playwrights were William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson. Platter, a Swiss tourist on vacation in London, wrote that he saw "in the straw-thatched house the tragedy of the Nov 25, 2001 · Background ofAuthor and Curator: Dr. The 17th Century is the one that delivers Shakespeare to the world and one that a London company sends ships to found a new town, Jamestown in America. The first, smaller theatre, staged plays by boy actors in an upper room of the building from 1576 until 1584. Those of the highest rank were well and laboriously educated according to the contemporary standard; but the rank and file paid no attention to learning. But what was the Globe Theatre like? The play-going experience was unique. London was also home to monarchy, nobility and gentry who were wealthy and could afford to go to the theatre often. It further suggests an Anne Shakespeare who is not absent from her husband’s London life, but present and engaged in his financial and social networks. The main reason that Elizabeth’s rule is sometimes called the English Renaissance was the innovative, creative, and enduring artistic achievements of the age. Of those, between 18,000 and 24,000 people went to see a play every week. From the best activities in the city to top restaurants, bars and hotels, explore what's on in London today. The word “science,” to Shakespeare’s ears and eyes, would have en-compassed fields of knowledge including but also exceeding what was called, in the medieval period, the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music) and the trivium (rhetoric, grammar, and logic). A closer look reveals the Globe in the upper center left of the image. It opened in 1577, and continued staging plays until 1624. In London, the shows took place in the seamy Bankside district, which was Apr 14, 2022 · Shakespeare’s Globe, London, England The Globe, one of the first purpose-built playhouses in London, was constructed on the Southbank in 1599 – and Shakespeare was a shareholder. On this page, we’ve picked out the top, verified Globe Theatre facts. 26 July – The original In-depth In 1600, with the new Globe threatening the livelihood of the smaller Rose, Philip Henslowe and his leading actor Edward Alleyn (also now his son-in-law and business partner) decided to leave Southwark and build a new outdoor playhouse north of the river close to Whitecross Street, a mediaeval market street near today’s Barbican arts centre. 1580?) – and the first of several playhouses to be situated in Bankside, Southwark, in a liberty The Visscher panorama is an engraving by Claes Visscher (1586-1652) depicting a panorama of London. [1] It is named after the 3rd Duke of Chandos, who was a former owner. Planning a trip to London? Explore the official tourism guide to London & discover the best things to do, attractions, events and why we love London. It was founded about 1600, and suppressed by the Puritan Parliament in 1642. A fanciful 19th-century depiction of Shakespeare and his contemporaries at the Mermaid Tavern. m. His contemporaries considered him to be a successor to the great clown of the As a playwright and an actor, Shakespeare was heavily involved with a number of London theatres. Blow through the city on a double-decker bus, and take a pinch-me-I'm-in-London walk through the West End. Apr 23, 2025 · Now Professor Matthew Steggle from the University of Bristol’s Department of English, has examined a fragment of letter, preserved by accident in the binding of a book in Hereford, which is addressed to “good Mrs Shakespeare” and appears to show both of the Shakespeares living together in central London at some point in the decade 1600-1610. org Last updated 25 November 2001 Re-formatted 9-27-2004 The Fortune Playhouse was an historic theatre in London. MoEML now includes an encyclopedia of early modern London people and places, a library of mayoral shows and other texts rich in London toponyms, and a forthcoming versioned edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London. Oct 28, 2024 · The neopagan publisher LLewellyn published The Book of Oberon in 2015, which features an incredible compilation of grimoire material found in the Folger Shakespeare Library, sourced from the time period shortly before Shakespeare wrote Midsummer. , and N. London Bridge. Stern Mail to Dr. Unlike the public theatres, private theatres such as the Blackfriars had roofs and specifically catered to the wealthy and highly educated classes of London society. The Tudor period in London started with the beginning of the reign of Henry VII in 1485 and ended in 1603 with the death of Elizabeth I. Jun 29, 2019 · Follow our guided tour from St Paul’s to London Bridge for a vivid glimpse of the city in Shakespearean times London: crowds and criminals A procession passes Charing Cross, on the outskirts of London. [4] London stands on the River Thames in southeast England, at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) tidal estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years. They enjoyed all Mar 19, 2016 · We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Educational resource about the Old Globe Theater History and Timeline. 1600). The name of the theaters came from their location on the site of a 13th-century Dominican priory called the Black Friars During the 1600's in London it was smelly and crowded. Aug 27, 2025 · A timeline of significant events in the life of English poet and playwright William Shakespeare, who is often praised as the greatest writer in world literature. His birthday is traditionally celebrated on April The history of the city of London during the Tudor period, including the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. They received patents giving them the exclusive right to perform plays in London and the existing dramatic Shakespeare and the Blackfriars Theatre - The Elizabethan Playhouse In 1600, Richard Burbage leased the Blackfriars to Henry Evans for 21 years for £40 per annum, but in August 1608, Richard Burbage took back the lease from Evans, and William Shakespeare and other King's men players became part owners of what was to become the Blackfriars Sep 11, 2020 · What is the name of Shakespeare Theater? The Globe Theatre The Globe Theatre you see today in London is the third Globe. Rabat – A Moroccan ambassador’s visit to London in the year 1600, which started a new era of political relations between the Islamic world and Britain could have prompted William Shakespeare Theatre - Elizabethan, Stage, Design: During the early part of the 16th century, there were two distinct types of theatre in England. Use our interactive seating plan to view 945 seat reviews and 889 photos of views from seat. 1560 – c. Blackfriars Theatre is to the south-west of St Paul's Cathedral, which is left of centre Blackfriars Theatre was the name given to two separate theatres located in the former Blackfriars Dominican priory in the City of London during the Renaissance. Elizabethan Life - Elizabethan Occupations and Jobs Elizabethan Life and Elizabethan Occupations, Professions and Jobs Elizabethan Occupations, Jobs and Professions ACROBAT An Acrobat was a popular Elizabethan entertainer The Curtain is at the top right of this 1917 map of London showing theatres 1576–1666 The Curtain Theatre was an Elizabethan playhouse located in Hewett Street, Shoreditch (within the modern London Borough of Hackney), just outside the City of London. Richard Burbage, the principal actor with the Chamberlain's Men, Shakespeare's company, inherited the second Blackfriars Theatre in 1597. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare - April 2001W hen the British monarchy was restored in 1660 and Charles II ended Parliament's eighteen-year ban on public playhouses, he entrusted the task of theatrical restoration to two playwrights who had been active at his father's court. Shakespeare's printed signature as it appears in The Rape of Lucrece, printed by fellow Stratfordian Richard Field The spelling of William Shakespeare 's name has varied over time. Aug 17, 2020 · Open City: London, 1500–1700, one of the Exhibitions at the Folger, opened June 5, 2012 and closed on September 30, 2012. The name of the theatres derives from their location on the site of a Aug 9, 2018 · William Shakespeare was born at Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon to John Shakespeare, a glove maker, and Mary Arden, daughter of a wealthy farmer. There were two different types of playhouse in London during Shakespeare’s time. Dec 10, 2022 · How many theatres existed during shakespeares time? During Shakespeare's time in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, there were several notable theatres in London, with the most famous being Some time after 1599-1600 Shakespeare turned from writing predominantly romantic comedies and history plays to tragedies. It is thought to be by a painter called John Taylor, who was an important member of Dec 4, 2017 · Elizabethan politics- Uncover the political structure, events, situation of London, England and Europe under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I during the 1500-1600’s. Apr 23, 2025 · However, examination of a fragment of a letter, which is addressed to "good Mrs Shakespeare", appears to show they did live together in central London between 1600 and 1610. A printable version of this Fact Sheet is available in the downloads section below. Other actor sharers included John Heminges, Henry Shakespeare, William (1564–1616)Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), English playwright, poet, and actor. The Globe stood in that area, and today stands there again. In 1595 the Lord Chamberlain’s Men were preparing to move into a new theater in the Blackfriars district of London, when Apr 4, 2016 · William Shakespeare, the bard of Avon, was born in the Warwickshire market town of Stratford in 1564, and died there 400 years ago, in 1616. Cruise the River Thames, and take a spin on the Apr 24, 2025 · With world-class museums, art galleries and theaters, historic sites and a vibrant pub culture, here's our pick of the best things to do in London. Awareness of such modifications by past authorities should alert us to the treatment accorded to Shakespeare's scripts by academic and theatrical powers in our own time, who reconstruct Shakespeare to suit modern tastes, often excused by these precedents of earlier performances. Its streets were narrow, its buildings in close proximity to each other. A closer look at how witchcraft and the Supernatural influenced some of Shakespeare’s most well-known plays. May 14, 2021 · So, at least half a dozen residents were directly involved in the 1599/1600 founding and a generation later Crosby Hall was the headquarters of the East India Company from 1621-38. What five plays are known as his "great tragedies"? May 13, 2024 · Shakespeare's Life The Globe Theatre and Lord Chamberlain's Men Life in Ancient Greece Life in 1600s France As You Like It Julius Caesar A Midsummer Night's Dream Macbeth Romeo & Juliet This popularity was helped by the rise of great playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe using London theatres such as the Globe Theatre. Stern: earthmag ("at" symbol) phy6. The exhibition celebrates London with an in-depth look at the city's early modern past, a time of fire, plague, and religious schisms, as well as international commerce, explosive population growth, and a bubbling mix of new ideas. Jan 11, 2025 · The Globe Theatre—probably the best-known performance space used by Shakespeare’s acting company—was originally built in 1599, destroyed by fire in 1613 after an accident involving cannon-fire during a production of Henry VIII, rebuilt and reopened by June 1614, closed by the pressure of Puritan opinion in 1642, and demolished in 1642. Indirectly, we can connect it to a foundational moment in American history. One who would comprehend the style of Elizabethan dress must, for the time being, set aside all notion of simplicity or fit. In fact, the people of that time carried their idea of what was proper in wearing apparel to such a ridiculous extreme that they were made the subject Presents the setting of London in 1600 as playgoers cross the Thames to the Globe Theatre in Southwark. This guide shows where to find them. Shakespeare wrote and performed in London during the reign of two different monarchs, Queen Elizabeth I and King James I. Breakfast was eaten early, usually between 6-7am, dinner at midday, and supper between 5-8pm. Galileo exhibits the wonders of the telescope to the pontifical court. From 1599 a new Blackfriars theatre staged plays by boy actors and from 1609 to 1642 it was the only indoor theatre of the King's Men or the 'Shakespeare company. Visit our official site to book your tickets now. The Globe and its predecessor, the Theatre, were public playhouses run by the Chamberlain’s Men , a leading theatre company of which Shakespeare was a member. Fortune Theatre, Elizabethan public playhouse on the northern edge of London, built in 1600 by Philip Henslowe to compete with the newly constructed Globe Theatre. Towards the end of his career, from about 1608 onward, he composed his astonishing late plays, like The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest. The reason London had a rank smell was that the butchers of the city would take what they wanted from the animals they butchered and Feb 20, 2014 · Discover the 146-mile route that Shakespeare took to travel to the London playhouses – and experience the same scenery that may have inspired Macbeth, Richard II and King Lear. Later called the King's Men, they first worked in The Theatre and then in the Globe. A concise history of the life of William Shakespeare, starting with his early years in Stratford-upon-Avon through his triumphantly creative years in London. The theatre was located in Southwark, across the River Thames from the City of London. Which five plays are known as his "great tragedies"? Building the First Globe Theatre The story of the Globe Theatre starts with William Shakespeare 's acting company The Lord Chamberlain's Men. By 1600 it housed rooms for the royal family, a treasury, a prison, a weapons store, a zoo and the royal mint, where nearly all England’s coins were made. It was the fourth in the series of large public playhouses of London, after James Burbage's The Theatre (1576) and Curtain (1577), and Philip Henslowe's Rose (1587-8). He recorded in his diary that he ‘went to see an English play at a theatre based on the ‘Roman plan’: ‘it is…. London’s a sprawling city at the center of everything: art, history, culture—you name it. Interested in Globe Theatre facts? Then read on… The Globe Theatre in London has been linked with Shakespeare through 400 years and three buildings. It was neither entirely a trade in printed books, nor were the p Dec 8, 2024 · English document from Alexandria City High School, 8 pages, William Shakespeare: A fBiography William Shakespeare, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist, was born in Stratford—upon—Avon in April 1564, His works, including 39 plays, 15¢ sonnets, an Richard Tarlton with his pipe and tabor. London is also among the oldest of the world’s great cities, with its history spanning nearly two millennia. dj6dep te r4zfbj rzvfeli mr bmc 02yrm 8p9 ujk lxbcc